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Richard Helms (1913-2002) started his career as a journalist, but then entered the intelligence field. He served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during the war, and after in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), where he remained during the Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy administrations. Eventually, at the height of his career, he would lead the agency as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). Helms was born and raised in Pennsylvania. After attending high school in Europe, learning French and German, he returned and graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts. He then worked as a journalist in Europe, and for the ''Indianapolis Times''. Married when America entered World War II, he joined the Navy. Then Helms was recruited by the OSS, for whom he later served in Europe. After the war Helms continued intelligence work in Washington, his preference and specialty being espionage, as part of the ''Office of Special Operations'' (OSO). When the CIA was founded in 1947, the OSO group along with Helms was incorporated into the new agency. Helms' career path seemed to correspond in large part to the institutional growth of civilian intelligence in America. During the later years of the Truman administration the CIA, under the leadership of the fourth DCI Walter Bedell Smith, became well-established as a leading organization within the intelligence community of the United States Government (USG). Smith created the ''Directorate of Plans'', which combined the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), which was engaged in covert operations under Frank Wisner, and the espionage-oriented OSO led by Helms (recently promoted). Wisner then was selected as the first Deputy Director for Plans. As a matter of useful results, Helms had developed policy preferences. Generally he considered the information obtained by spy networks to be more valuable to the USG than any potential political benefits which might come from high-risk, secret paramilitary operations in foreign lands. In 1953 Allen Dulles became the fifth DCI, managing the CIA under President Eisenhower. Helms then worked as ''Chief of Operations'' under the DDP Wisner. The Directorate of Plans supervised both clandestine operations (paramilitary and political) and espionage, i.e., ran spies. Helms worked in various capacities, e.g., to protect the agency from attack by Senator Joseph McCarthy, to develop "mind control" drugs, and to secretly tunnel into East Berlin in order to tap a Soviet cable. When Wisner resigned, Helms was disappointed that his 'rival' Richard M. Bissell was chosen as the new DDP. During the first year of the Kennedy administration, the CIA launched the disastrous invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. Helms had not participated in its much-criticized planning and development. Later, Helms stepped up to the position of DDP, under the sixth DCI John McCone. In the Cuban Missile Crisis DCI McCone sat with President Kennedy in the Cabinet Room of the White House during the tense discussions on strategy, with Helms working offstage sending McCone the latest developments in the Cuban theater. Later President Johnson would appoint Helms as the eighth DCI in 1966. He would continue to serve as DCI under President Nixon until 1973.〔See text below for reference sources.〕 (詳細はSt. Davids, Pennsylvania, in 1913, to Marion (McGarrah) and Herman Helms, an executive for Alcoa. His maternal grandfather, Gates McGarrah, was a noted international banker. He grew up in South Orange, New Jersey and began high school there at Carteret Academy. Foreign language fluency was considered very important; accordingly his family, father, mother, elder sister, and two younger brothers, all moved to Lausanne on Lac Léman. His next year of high school was spent nearby at the prestigious Swiss Institut Le Rosey where he studied the French language. After a brief return to America, the family settled in Freiburg im Breisgau in southern Germany, where at the Realgymnasium he became conversant in German.〔Helms (2003) pp. 14–16.〕〔(''Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary'': Helms )〕〔Chistopher Marquis, "Richard M. Helms Dies at 89; Dashing Ex-Chief of the C.I.A." ''New York Times'', October 23, 2002, obituary.〕 During his years at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, he served as class president and as editor of ''The Williams Record'' which encouraged his interest in journalism. Following graduation ''magna cum laude'', in 1935 he got a job at the United Press (UP) office in London, working in the ''News of the World'' building. The economic depression in London, however, caused Helms to look for work at the UP office in Berlin. There he translated and rewrote stories from the German language press. He also met well-known journalists, e.g., William L. Shirer and H. R. Knickerbocker, as well as Bennett Cerf, a publisher at Random House. Substituting for an ill UP colleague, Helms attended the annual NSDAP ''Parteitag'' in September 1936. There Helms heard Adolf Hitler speak to a massed party formation, and later with a small group of news reporters met and questioned him inside the Nuremberg Castle. Earlier Helms had covered the Berlin Olympic Games. He talked with American gold medalist Jesse Owens. Helms left the Berlin UP office in mid-1937, to return home.〔Helms (2003) pp. 17–26.〕 He had determined on a career in print media, and wanted eventually to become a publisher and run a metropolitan daily newspaper. Accordingly, Helms sought hands-on business experience in this line. He had heard it that "in the flinty eyes of owners, reporters were easy to find and a dime a dozen". He got a job on the retail advertising staff of the ''Indianapolis Times'' where he soon rose to be its national advertising manager.〔Powers (1979) pp. 20–22.〕 In 1939, Helms married Julia Bretzman Shields, a "divorcée with two children" so that immediately his home became a "whole family". With his wife he entered a new life in local society. Three years later his son Dennis was born. Yet by then America had already entered World War II.〔Helms (2003) pp. 29, 31.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Career of Richard Helms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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